Climatic Research Unit : Data : Temperature

CRUTEM4 Temperature station data

Station Header File

  1. (ch. 1-7) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Station Number with a single additional character making a field of 6 integers. WMO numbers comprise a 5 digit sub-field, where the first two digits are the country code and the next three digits designated by the National Meteorological Service (NMS). Some country codes are not used. If the additional sixth digit is a zero, then the WMO number is or was an official WMO number. If the sixth digit is not zero then the station does not have an official WMO number and an alternative number has been assigned by CRU. Two examples are given below. Many additional stations are grouped beginning 99****. Station numbers in the blocks 72**** to 75**** are additional stations in the United States.
  2. (ch. 8-11) Station latitude in degrees and tenths (-999 is missing), with negative values in the Southern Hemisphere
  3. (ch. 12-16) Station longitude in degrees and tenths (-1999 is missing), with negative values in the Eastern Hemisphere (NB this is opposite to the more usual convention)
  4. (ch. 18-21) Station Elevation in metres (-999 is missing)
  5. (ch. 23-42) Station Name
  6. (ch. 44-56) Country
  7. (ch. 58-61) First year of monthly temperature data
  8. (ch. 62-65) Last year of monthly temperature data
  9. (ch. 68-69) Data Source (see below)
  10. (ch. 70-73) First reliable year (generally the same as the first year)
  11. (ch. 75-78) Unique index number (internal use)
  12. (ch. 80-83) Index into the 5° x 5° gridcells (internal use)

Examples of WMO station numbers

Further information on the WMO numbering system is given here: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/ois/volume-a/vola-home.htm

Station data file

Station sources

This is a two digit source code, in Jones et al. (2012) and Brohan et al. (2006). References to sources are in these publications. Few stations have a single source of data due to real-time updating (from WMO's CLIMAT messages or decadal World Weather Record publications or from the publication Monthly Climatic Data for the World). The code given here is therefore where most of the data series has been obtained.

Source codes and number of stations from each

Code

Station Count

Regions

Sources (paper, project acronym or website)

10

2444

Global

Jones (1994), Jones and Moberg (2003) and Brohan et al. (2006); homogeneity of sites assessed in Jones et al. (1985, 1986).

crutem4_asof020611_stns_used.dat

30

440

Europe, East Asia, Africa, USA, S. America and Australia

GHCNv2 (adjusted series)

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/v2.php

31

113

Middle East, E. Asia and N. Africa

GHCNv2 (adjusted series) - added at a different time than Code 30

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/v2.php

33

11

North Atlantic/Fennoscandia

NACD project: Frich et al. (1996)

34

18

Fennoscandia

NORDKLKIM project: Tuomenvirta et al. (2001)

35

1

Long European series

IMPROVE project: Camuffo and Jones (2002)

36

1

Canadian climate series

CHTD: Vincent and Gullett (1999). Replaced by code 42 stations

37

63

Asia, Central and S. America

WWR, data added in 2006, mostly for the 1981-1990 decade

38

60

Mali, D.R. Congo plus a few others

Series given to CRU by various academic visitors

40

98

Australia

Homogenized series, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia

ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/home/ncc/www/change/HQdailyT/HQdailyT_info.pdf

41

13

New Zealand

Homogenized series , NIWA, New Zealand

http://www.niwa.co.nz/our-science/climate/news/all/nz-temp-record

42

207

Canadian (updated version of #36)

AHCCD

http://www.ec.gc.ca/dccha-ahccd/default.asp?lang=en&n=70E82601-1

43

372

Russia

RIHMI-WDC: Razuvaev and Bulgina (2009)

http://meteo.ru/climate/sp_clim.php

44

1064

Contiguous United States

USHCN : Menne et al. (2009)

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/ushcn/ushcn.html

45

13

United Kingdom

UK Met Office and SNIFFER (Jones and Lister, 2004)

http://www/metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/stationdata

47

1

Greenland

(Qaqortoq)

Vinther et al. (2006) and Cappeln (2010, 2011)

http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr10-05

and http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr11-05

48

6

Denmark and Faroe Islands

Cappeln (2010, 2011) - http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr10-05 and

http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr11-05

49

107

Greater Alpine Region (GAR)

HISTALP: Böhm et al. (2010)

http://www.zamg.ac.at/histalp

50

61

Central Asian stations mostly at high elevation

NSIDC: Williams and Konovalov (2008)

http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g02174_central_asia_data/index.html

51

213

Russia (includes some fUSSR) - daily series

RIHMI -WDC

http://meteo.ru/english/climate/d_temp.php

52

12

Swiss climate series combined by HISTALP

http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/en/research/events/archive/foko_2007_2.Par.0008.DownloadFile.tmp/beggertfoko20072.pdf

53

30

Various NMSs

Data from various NMSs received in 2010

54

235

Arctic Series

IARC: Bekryaev et al. (2010) and see data series at:

http://people.iarc.uaf.edu/~igor

5583

Total

The different GHCN sources relate to the priority given in merging (see Table 1 of Jones and Moberg, 2003)

References

Bekryaev R., Polyakov, I. and Alexeev, V., 2010: Role of polar amplification in long-term surface air temperature variations and modern Arctic warming. J Climate, 23, 3888-3906

Böhm, R., Jones, P.D., Hiebl, J., Frank, D., Brunetti, M. and Maugeri M., 2010: The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long Central European temperature series, 1760-2007. Climatic Change, 101, 41-67.

Brohan, P., Kennedy, J., Harris, I., Tett, S.F.B. and Jones, P.D., 2006: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548.

Cappeln, J., 2010: DMI Monthly Climate Data Collection 1768-2009, Denmark, The Faroe Islands and Greenland. Technical Report No. 11-05, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, 52pp.

Cappeln, J., 2011: DMI Monthly Climate Data Collection 1768-2010, Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Technical Report No. 11-05, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, 54pp.

Frich, P. and Coauthors 1996: North Atlantic Climatological Dataset (NACD Version 1). Scientific Rep. 96-1, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 47 pp. plus appendixes and data files.

Jones, P.D. 1994: Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: a reanalysis and an update to 1993. J. Climate 7, 1794-1802.

Jones, P.D. and Moberg, A., 2003: Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001. J. Climate 16, 206-223.

Jones. P.D. and Lister, D., 2004: The development of monthly temperature series for Scotland and Northern Ireland. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 569-590.

Jones, P.D., Raper, S.C.B., Santer, B.D., Cherry, B.S.G., Goodess, C.M. Kelly, P.M., Wigley, T.M.L., Bradley, R.S. and Diaz, H.F., 1985: A grid point surface air temperature data set for the Northern Hemisphere, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division. Technical Report TR022, 251pp (Available at www.cru.uea.ac.uk/st/TR022.pdf).

Jones, P.D., Raper, S.C.B., Cherry, B.S.G., Goodess C.M. and Wigley, T.M.L., 1986: A grid point surface air temperature data set for the Southern Hemisphere, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division. Technical Report TR027, 73pp (Available at www.cru.uea.ac.uk/st/TR027.pdf).

Jones, P.D., Lister, D.H., Osborn, T.J., Harpham, C., Salmon, M. and Morice, C. 2012: Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2012. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D05127, doi:10.1029/2011JD017139.

Razuvaev, V and Bulygina, O. 2009: In Regional Aspects of Climate-Terrestrial-Hydrologic Interactions in Non-boreal Eastern Europe NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security (edited by P. Ya. Groisman and S. Ivanov) 2009, 1, 17-22, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2283-7_3. Book is ISBN 978-90-481-2241-7

Tuomenvirta, H., Drebs, A., Førland, E., Tveito, O. E., Alexandersson, H., Vaarby Laursen, E. and Jonsson T., 2001: Nordklim data set 1.0 - Description and illustrations. KLIMA Rep. 08/01, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 26 pp. [CDROM available from A. Drebs, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FIN-0010 Helsinki, Finland.]

Vincent, L.A. and Gullet, D.W., 1999: Canadian historical and homogeneous temperature datasets for climate change analyses. Int. J. Climatol., 19, 1375-1388.

Vinther, B.M., Andersen, K.K., Jones, P.D., Briffa, K.R. and Cappelen, J., 2006: Extending Greenland temperature records into the late-18th century. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D11105, doi:10.1029/2005JD006810.

Files

NB. The Station data file does not contain certain Polish stations for which permission to distribute has not been granted.
crutem4_asof020611_stns_used.zipStation data
crutem4_asof020611_stns_used_hdr.txtHeader lines from above

Links

Created: March 2012, Colin Harpham